The balance between formation and resorption is called homeostasis. It can be assumed that formation and resorption has completely renewed in about 4 to 10 years depending on the size of the bone. Unlike other tissues and organs, bone tissue repair is like a form of self-renewal, which is called regeneration. The regeneration and repair does not occur without blood circulation. Therefore, the product is designed to allow renewal of bone and blood circulation as pore diameter and total porosity.

The growth plate that provides the longitudinal growth of the bone is physiology. While epiphysis provides support to the articular cartilage, metaphysis is present in the metaphysis where the spongiform bone is found intensely. Moreover, functional resistance, carrier and compressive strength come front in the diaphysis where the most thick and dense of the cortical bone is. Artificial bone producers bring together both cortical and spongiform bone (cancellous), as well as approaches that combine two of them recently. Artificial bone tissue shaped according to the place where it will be used can vary from dust and particles to structural blocks that represent the long bone or spine. Besides the material properties of the bone tissue, its hierarchical structure also affects its mechanical properties.

KSP value

______________________________ 

 The solubility ratios of bioceramics are expressed by the KSP value. Sintered HA solubility is the lowest bioseramic and the KPS value is between 10-50 and 10-60. KPS value of bone is 10-32. The KPS value of calcium phosphate cements is the same as bone. The KPS value of betatricalcium phosphate is about 10-20 and the KPS value of calcium sulphate is about 10-8. The reason for these substances to dissolve at different times when applied to the human body is the KPS values. In addition, as their porosity increases and their density decreases, the dissolution rates of bioceramics increase naturally. Due to its chemical structure, surface area, pore size and porosity, almost all artificial bone tissue ceramics of mineral origin, when applied to tissue, initiate an inflammatory process similar to that of early fracture healing. The first cells that interact with artificial bone tissue are monocytes and are assumed to cause the release of interleukin (IL) -1 beta (B), IL-6 and tumor necrosan agent alpha (TNF-a). The endothelial cells and neutrophils cause factors making vessel, and prostaglandin 2 starting solubility. Immediately after bone destruction, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 starting bone repair, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta is released and then process is started. In this way, the artificial bone tissue collapses from one side and the other is replaced by the new bone tissue. The relationship between bone and artificial bone tissue may differ in the presence of radiotherapy, systemic diseases such as diabetes affecting the circulation, drugs used as anti-inflammatory or steroid, and infection. Decomposition of the artificial tissue and giving its place to the new bone tissue take place from the outside to inside and from the periphery to center. In order to increase the mechanical properties of artificial bone tissue that exemplifies the intercellular network, silicon is added to the composition of glass.

Bone tissue is the deposition of many minerals and trace elements other than calcium and phosphate.

. In recent years, these elements have been tried to be included in the composition of bio-systems. There are some studies about adding sodium and magnesium to the structure of bioceramics. Bone grafts and bone substitutes are increasingly used to treat bone defects during reconstructive procedures such as trauma, bone infections, congenital anomalies, musculoskeletal tumor surgery, revision arthroplasty surgery, and spinal surgery. The clinical success in use is determined by the structural integration of the formed bone with the surrounding bone tissue as a result of the reconstructed bone and the mechanical strength of the formed bone to function.